INTRODUCTION………3

CHAPITRE I : La synonymie dans la vision des linguistes contemporains….......5
1.1 Définition des synonymes/de la synonymie…………5
1.2 Types de synonymes…………11

CHAPITRE II : Différenciation fonctionnelle des synonymes…………………..16
2.1 Variantes temporelles…………16
2.2 Variantes sociales…………17
2.3 Variantes territoriales/géographiques…………23

CHAPITRE III : Aspects stylistiques de la synonymie…………25
3.1 Synonymes stylistiques…………25
3.2 Synonymes contextuels…………31

CONCLUSION …………34
GLOSSAIRE TERMINOLOGIQUE………36

INTRODUCTION………3

CHAPITRE I Les emprunts – source d’enrichissement du langage informatique……………5
1.1 Le concept d’emprunt, d’anglicisme dans la vision des linguistes…………………...5
1.2 Les critères de la classification des emprunts. Les types d’emprunts………………...9
1.3 Les causes de l’apparition des emprunts………12
1.4 L’assimilation des emprunts…………14
1.5 L’adaptation des emprunts…………15
1.6 Les domaines les plus vulnérables aux anglicismes…………18
1.7 L’importance et l’universalité du phénomène…………19
CONCLUSION…………21

CHAPITRE II. La spécificité fonctionnelle des anglicismes dans le langage informatique..22
2.1 Les particularités du langage informatique…………….22
2.1.1 Les caractéristiques grammaticales du langage informatique……………23
2.2 Le fonctionnement des anglicismes dans le langage informatique……….25
CONCLUSION……………26

CHAPITRE III. Les moyens d’équivalence des emprunts dans le langage informatique ….28
3.1 Les difficultés de traduction des emprunts dans le langage informatique. Les compétences du traducteur…………28
3.2 Les techniques de traduction des textes informatique ……………30

CONCLUSION…………33
CONCLUSIONS GÉNÉRALES………34
BIBLIOGRAPHIE…………35
ANNEXES……………37

Introduction

Chapter I. Types of transformations in English
I.1. Grammatical Transformations
I.2. Lexical Transformations
I.3. Semantic Transformations

Chapter II. Structural transformations in the translation of texts
II.1. Lexico - grammatical transformations
II.2. Lexico- grammatical- semantic transformations
II.3. Miscallenoius

Chapter III. Tranlation of the English economic texts into Romanian
III.1. Types of translations of the texts.
III.2. Structural transformations in the translation of English economic texts into Romanian
a) Lexical transformations in translation
b) Semantic transformations in translation
c) Lexico-grammatical-semantical transformations in translation

Conclusion
Bibliography

INTRODUCTION…………3

CHAPTER I. ADEQUACY OF TRANSLATION…………5
1.1. The theoretical issues of translations…………5
1.2. Development of translation notion in linguistics……………6
1.3. Equivalence of translation. ………8
1.4. Types of translation………14

CHAPTER II. USAGE OF LEXICAL AND GRAMMATICAL TRANSFORMATIONS IN TRANSLATION…………20
2.1. The lexico -grammatical problems of transformation……………20
2.2. The use of translation transformations in the process of translating English text clippings…………26

CONCLUSION…………32
THE LIST OF LITERATURE.........34

INTRODUCTION

1. Translation theory and methods
1. 1. Equivalence in translation

2. Translation transformations
2. 1. Lexical translation transformations

3. Research methodology

4. Lexical translation transformations in The Devil Wears Prada
4. 1. Concretization
4. 2. Generalization
4. 3. Antonymic translation
4. 4. Compensation

CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
SOURCES
APPENDIX

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER I. WORD FORMATION AND PREFIXATION
1.1. The Definition of Word Building. Basic. Peculiarities.
1.2. Productivity of Word Building Means
1.3. Affixation as a Word Building Rule
1.4. Prefixation in English language
1.5. Classification of prefixes
1.6. Prefixation in Romanian language

CHAPTER II. PRACTICE OF PREFIXATION IN SHORT STORIES

CONCLUSION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX

Introduction………3

Chapter I. Word-formation and its basic peculiarities……….……5
1.1. Affixation in the English language…………7
1.2. Degree of derivation…….…7
1.3.Homonymic derivational affixes…………18

Chapter II. Prefixation in the English language…………………28
2.1. Prefixation. Some debatable problems………………..28
2.2. Classification of prefixes…………33
2.3. Productive and non-productive word building prefixes…………41
2.4. Some prefixes in the English language in comparison with the Uzbek language………52

Conclusion…………57
The list of used literature…………61

Introduccion..........3

I.Valores semanticos de los fraseologismos cromaticos del espanol
1.1 Historia en los fraseologismos................5
1.2 El en los distintos tipos fraseologicos.............7
1.3 Sobre las funciones de los fraseologismos en textos literarios..........13

II.Particularidades estructurales de los fraseologismos cromaticos
2.1 La composición sintagmática en los fraseologismos espanol...........17
2.2 Los fraseologismos cromaticos: Particularidades y estructurales.........27

Conclusion........37
REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS.........39
Anexos........42

Chapter I.
1.1. Structure of compounds
1.2. Classification
1.3. Specific features

Chapter II
2.1 Compound Nouns
2.2 Compound Adjectives
2.3 Semi-affixes of compounds
2.4 New word-forming pattern in composition

Conclusion
Bibliography

Introduction

Chapter I.The Types of the Sentence
1.1. TheCompound Sentence
1.2. The ComplexSentence
1.3. The Compound-Complex Sentence

Chapter II. The Classsification of the Complex Sentences
2.1. The Subject, Predicate, Object and Atributive Clauses
2.2. The Classification of the Adverbial Clauses
2.3. Clauses of Place
2.4. Clauses of Time
2.5. Causal Clauses
2.6. Clauses of Result
2.7. Clauses of Purpose
2.8. Clauses of Concession
2.9. Clauses of Manner and Comparison

Chapter III The Conditional Clauses
3.1. Types of Conditional Clauses
3.2. Types of Transformations in Grammar
3.3. Grammatical Transformations in the Adverbial Clauses of Condition

Conclusions
Bibliography

Contents

Introduction

Chapter I: Language Peculiarities of Newspaper Articles
1.1 Characteristics of Newspaper Style
1.2 Some Views on Translation

Chapter II: Peculiarities of Translating Newspaper Article Headlines
2.1 The Concept and Characteristics of Newspaper Headlines
2.2 Tendencies in Word Choice
2.3 Suggestions for Possible Grammatical and Syntactic Structures in Romanian to Keep Modality and Meaning
2.4 Handling Modal Forms
2.5 Handling Phraseological Units

Conclusion
Glossary

Bibliography
Rezumat
Annex

Introduction

Chapter I: Linguistic Peculiarities of Idioms
1.1 The concept of Phraseological Units
1.2. Classification of Phraseological Units
1.2.1 Semantic Classification
1.2.2 Structural Classification
1.2.3 Syntactical Classification
1.2.4 Thematic Principle of classification
1.2.5 Classification based on the ways of Forming Phraseological Units
1.3 Analysis of the Criteria of Idiomaticity
1.3.1 Criteria of Stability and Lack of Motivation
1.3.2 Criterion of Function
1.3.3 Criterion of Context
1.4 The Definition of Semantic Field

Chapter II: Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis of Idioms in the Field of Fruits and Vegetables
2.1 The Study of Idioms belonging to the Semantic Field of Fruits and Vegetables
2.2 Classifications of Idioms
2.3 The Analysis of Idioms according to the Criteria of Stability and Lack of Motivation
2.4 Stylistic Peculiarities of Idioms

Bibliography
Glossary of Linguistic Terms
Corpus Linguistics

Introduction

Chapter I. Newspaper headline from linguistic point of view
1.1 General interpretation of Newspaper Style
1.2.Specific features and functions of newspaper headlines
1.3. Language features of English newspaper headlines

Chapter II. Analysis of newspaper headlines
2.1.Methodology and Data
2.2.Results of investigation: overall frequencies

Conclusion
Bibliography
Appendix

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

1. THE DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSLATION STUDIES
1.1. Modern Conception of Translation Studies

2. EQUIVALENCE
2.1. Types of Equivalence

3. TRANSLATION METHODS AND PROCEDURES

4. THE ROLE OF GRAMMAR IN TRANSLATION
4.1. The Significance of Grammar Relations
4.2. The Coincidence of Grammar and Lexis

5. TRANSLATION TRANSFORMATIONS
5.1. Grammatical Translation Transformations
5.1.1. Transposition
5.1.2. Addition
5.1.3. Omission…
5.1.4. Substitution

6. GRAMMATICAL TRANSLATION TRANSFORMATIONS IN H. FIELDING’S “BRIDGET JONE’S DIARY”
6.1. Methodology of the Research
6.2. Transposition
6.3. Addition
6.4. Omission
6.5. Substitution
6.6. Mixed types
6.7. Comparative Analysis

CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
SOURCES
APPENDIX

Introduction

Chapter I. Types of transformations in English
I.1. Grammatical Transformations
I.2. Lexical Transformations
I.3. Semantic Transformations

Chapter II. Structural transformations in the translation of texts
II.1. Lexico - grammatical transformations
II.2. Lexico- grammatical- semantic transformations
II.3. Miscallenoius

Chapter III. Tranlation of the English economic texts into Romanian
III.1. Types of translations of the texts.
III.2. Structural transformations in the translation of English economic texts into Romanian
a) Lexical transformations in translation
b) Semantic transformations in translation
c) Lexico-grammatical-semantical transformations in translation

Conclusion
Bibliography

Introduccion

Capitulo I. Introduccion al estudio de los fraseologismos del espanol desde
1.1 La variación léxico-sintáctica en la fraseología
1.2 Estructuras formales de los fraseologismos
1.3 Historia, sociedad y cultura en los fraseologismos.

Capitulo II. Características principales de los fraseologismos
2.1 Los fraseologismos cromaticos en la literatura
2.2 Particularidades semanticas de los fraseologismos en espanol moderno

Conclusion
REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS

Introduccion

Capitulo I. Miguel Delibes - escritor español de la posguerra
1.1 Miguel Delibes periodista y escritor
1.2 El verdadero dueño de la lengua
1.3 Castilla en su vida Miguel Delibes

Capitulo II. Viaje de Delibes por Castilla
2.1 Delibes el inventor de Castilla
2.2 Ruta por la imagen de Castilla de M. Delibes

Conclusion
REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS

Introduccion

Capitulo I. Las competencias de comunicar en una LE y las socioculturales y su lugar entre las competencias - clave o transversales
1. Las competencias - clave / transversales y su esencia
2. Formacion de las competencias comunicativas y socioculturales en ele proceso instructive curricular

Capitolo II. Las actividades extracurriculares y su papel en el desarollo y consolidacion de las competencias comunicativas y socioculturales
1. Nocion de la actividad extraescolar
2. Tipos y formas de organizacion de las actividades extraescolares y su caracteristica
3. El caracter de las actividades desde el punto de vista de su organizacion
4. Interrelacion: -actividad curricular - actividad extracurricular
5. La proyeccion y realizacion de las actividades

Conclusion
Bibliography